기존의 이민국적법 (“INA”)에서 EB-5(Fifth Employment Based) 부문은 1990년 이민법(“IMMACT 90”) 개정으로 인해 새로이 정비 된 법령이며, 지역 센터(Regional Centers) 제도는 동법 개정 이후 10여년이 지난 2003년, 본격적으로 운영되기 시작했습니다. 1990년대 중반의 경우, 투자에 요구되는 자본의 최소 조달 요건을 불충족 시키거나, 법령이 요구하는 최소 인원의 고용 직원 수준을 유지하지 않는 회사들이 많았습니다. USCIS는 EB-5 프로그램의 남용을 차단하고자 노력했고, 다수의 법률 쟁송과 관련 법령 개정이 지속적으로 이어졌습니다. 1998년에는 Soffici 사건, 22 I&N Dec. 158; Izumii 사건, 22I&N Dec. 169;Hsiung 사건, 22I&N Dec.201; Ho 사건, 22I&N Dec.206 등 4개 사건에 대한 판결이 내려져 향후 EB-5 프로그램에 대한 리딩 판례로 인용될 수 있게 되었습니다.
초기의 USCIS는 앞서 언급된 판례들을 이전의 EB-5 참가자들에게 소급 적용하기를 원했지만, 2001년 5월에 연방 지방 법원은 Chang v. United States 사건에서 새로운 판결 기준을 이미 승인된 EB-5 신청과 관련하여 소급 적용하는 것이 부적절하다고 판시했습니다. 나아가, 2003녀, 제9지구 항소 법원 역시 Chang v. United States에 대한 의견을 발표하면서 1998년의 판례를 소급 적용하는 것이 부적절하다고 판시했습니다.
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